Background:The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of qualified nurses in Spain. As a result, the government authorized the hiring of senior students.Objectives:To explore the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts experienced by final-year nursing students who worked during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.Research design:A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out using a question guide. Interviews took place via a private video chat room platform. A thematic, inductive (...) analysis was performed of the information gathered.Participants and research context:Eighteen nursing students were recruited from two universities of Madrid, aged between 18 and 65 years old, enrolled in the fourth year of nursing studies and who were hired under a relief contract for health professionals during the pandemic.Ethical considerations:The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.Results:Three specific themes emerged: (a) coping with patient triage, (b) difficulties in providing end-of-life care, and (c) coping with patient death. Nursing students participated in the process of patient selection for resource allocation and ICU bed occupancy. They were shown how to care for patients who were not admitted to the ICU, in their last moments and were faced with the difficulties of applying end-of-life care. Finally, the nursing students were confronted with the death of their patients, in overwhelming numbers and under adverse conditions.Conclusions:These findings can help shed light on the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts faced by novice nursing students, incorporated into the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it was described that students may normalize the death due to the exhaustion and overwhelmed routine. (shrink)

In this paper we prove that the free algebras in a subvariety equation image of the variety equation image of semi-Heyting algebras are directly decomposable if and only if equation image satisfies the Stone identity.

The variety \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\) of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras was introduced in 2011 by the second author as an expansion of semi-Heyting algebras by a dual hemimorphism. In this paper, we focus on the variety \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\) from a logical point of view. The paper presents an extensive investigation of the logic corresponding to the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras and of its axiomatic extensions, along with an equally extensive universal algebraic study of their corresponding algebraic semantics. Firstly, we present a (...) Hilbert-style axiomatization of a new logic called "Dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting logic" (\(\mathcal{DHMSH}\), for short), as an expansion of semi-intuitionistic logic \(\mathcal{SI}\) (also called \(\mathcal{SH}\)) introduced by the first author by adding a weak negation (to be interpreted as a dual hemimorphism). We then prove that it is implicative in the sense of Rasiowa and that it is complete with respect to the variety \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\). It is deduced that the logic \(\mathcal{DHMSH}\) is algebraizable in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi, with the variety \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\) as its equivalent algebraic semantics and that the lattice of axiomatic extensions of \(\mathcal{DHMSH}\) is dually isomorphic to the lattice of subvarieties of \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\). A new axiomatization for Moisil's logic is also obtained. Secondly, we characterize the axiomatic extensions of \(\mathcal{DHMSH}\) in which the "Deduction Theorem" holds. Thirdly, we present several new logics, extending the logic \(\mathcal{DHMSH}\), corresponding to several important subvarieties of the variety \(\mathbb{DHMSH}\). These include logics corresponding to the varieties generated by two-element, three-element and some four-element dually quasi-De Morgan semi-Heyting algebras, as well as a new axiomatization for the 3-valued Łukasiewicz logic. Surprisingly, many of these logics turn out to be connexive logics, only a few of which are presented in this paper. Fourthly, we present axiomatizations for two infinite sequences of logics namely, De Morgan Gödel logics and dually pseudocomplemented Gödel logics. Fifthly, axiomatizations are also provided for logics corresponding to many subvarieties of regular dually quasi-De Morgan Stone semi-Heyting algebras, of regular De Morgan semi-Heyting algebras of level 1, and of JI-distributive semi-Heyting algebras of level 1. We conclude the paper with some open problems. Most of the logics considered in this paper are discriminator logics in the sense that they correspond to discriminator varieties. Some of them, just like the classical logic, are even primal in the sense that their corresponding varieties are generated by primal algebras. (shrink)

Semi-intuitionistic logic is the logic counterpart to semi-Heyting algebras, which were defined by H. P. Sankappanavar as a generalization of Heyting algebras. We present a new, more streamlined set of axioms for semi-intuitionistic logic, which we prove translationally equivalent to the original one. We then study some formulas that define a semi-Heyting implication, and specialize this study to the case in which the formulas use only the lattice operators and the intuitionistic implication. We prove then that all the logics thus (...) obtained are equivalent to intuitionistic logic, and give their Kripke semantics. (shrink)

Motivated by the definition of semi-Nelson algebras, a propositional calculus called semi-intuitionistic logic with strong negation is introduced and proved to be complete with respect to that class of algebras. An axiomatic extension is proved to have as algebraic semantics the class of Nelson algebras.

The purpose of this paper is to define a new logic $${\mathcal {SI}}$$ called semi-intuitionistic logic such that the semi-Heyting algebras introduced in [ 4 ] by Sankappanavar are the semantics for $${\mathcal {SI}}$$ . Besides, the intuitionistic logic will be an axiomatic extension of $${\mathcal {SI}}$$.

We determine the number of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting algebras on an n‐element chain, where n is a positive integer, using a recursive method. We then prove that the numbers obtained agree with those determined in [1]. We apply the formula to calculate the number of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting chains of a given size in some important subvarieties of the variety of semi‐Heyting algebras that were introduced in [5]. We further exploit this recursive method to calculate the numbers of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting chains with (...) n elements such that removing the mth element () we are left with a subalgebra. We also solve a related problem posed in [1] of determining the number of ways a semi‐Heyting chain with elements can be extended to a n element semi‐Heyting chain by adding a new element in the mth place. Finally we combine these results by finding a second way to calculate the numbers that provides some extra information. (shrink)

In this paper we introduce a logic that we name semi Heyting–Brouwer logic, \, in such a way that the variety of double semi-Heyting algebras is its algebraic counterpart. We prove that, up to equivalences by translations, the Heyting–Brouwer logic \ is an axiomatic extension of \ and that the propositional calculi of intuitionistic logic \ and semi-intuitionistic logic \ turn out to be fragments of \.

An algebra A = ⟨A, ∨, ∧, →, 0, 1⟩ is a semi-Heyting algebra if ⟨A, ∨, ∧, 0, 1⟩ is a bounded lattice, and it satisfies the identities: x ∧ ≈ x ∧ y, x ∧ ≈ x ∧ [ → ], and x → x ≈ 1.

The variety \ of implication zroupoids and a constant 0) was defined and investigated by Sankappanavar :21–50, 2012), as a generalization of De Morgan algebras. Also, in Sankappanavar :21–50, 2012), several subvarieties of \ were introduced, including the subvariety \, defined by the identity: \, which plays a crucial role in this paper. Some more new subvarieties of \ are studied in Cornejo and Sankappanavar that includes the subvariety \ of semilattices with a least element 0. An explicit description (...) of semisimple subvarieties of \ is given in Cornejo and Sankappanavar. It is a well known fact that there is a partial order ) induced by the operation ∧, both in the variety \ of semilattices with a least element and in the variety \ of De Morgan algebras. As both \ and \ are subvarieties of \ and the definition of partial order can be expressed in terms of the implication and the constant, it is but natural to ask whether the relation \ on \ is actually a partial order in some subvariety of \ that includes both \ and \. The purpose of the present paper is two-fold: Firstly, a complete answer is given to the above mentioned problem. Indeed, our first main theorem shows that the variety \ is a maximal subvariety of \ with respect to the property that the relation \ is a partial order on its members. In view of this result, one is then naturally led to consider the problem of determining the number of non-isomorphic algebras in \ that can be defined on an n-element chain -chains), n being a natural number. Secondly, we answer this problem in our second main theorem which says that, for each \, there are exactly n nonisomorphic \-chains of size n. (shrink)

The variety \ of semi-Heyting algebras was introduced by H. P. Sankappanavar [13] as an abstraction of the variety of Heyting algebras. Semi-Heyting algebras are the algebraic models for a logic HsH, known as semi-intuitionistic logic, which is equivalent to the one defined by a Hilbert style calculus in Cornejo :9–25, 2011) [6]. In this article we introduce a Gentzen style sequent calculus GsH for the semi-intuitionistic logic whose associated logic GsH is the same as HsH. The advantage of (...) this presentation of the logic is that we can prove a cut-elimination theorem for GsH that allows us to prove the decidability of the logic. As a direct consequence, we also obtain the decidability of the equational theory of semi-Heyting algebras. (shrink)

An integral subresiduated lattice ordered commutative monoid (or integral srl-monoid for short) is a pair \(({\textbf {A}},Q)\) where \({\textbf {A}}=(A,\wedge,\vee,\cdot,1)\) is a lattice ordered commutative monoid, 1 is the greatest element of the lattice \((A,\wedge,\vee )\) and _Q_ is a subalgebra of _A_ such that for each \(a,b\in A\) the set \(\{q \in Q: a \cdot q \le b\}\) has maximum, which will be denoted by \(a\rightarrow b\). The integral srl-monoids can be regarded as algebras \((A,\wedge,\vee,\cdot,\rightarrow,1)\) of type (2, 2, (...) 2, 2, 0). Furthermore, this class of algebras is a variety which properly contains the varieties of integral commutative residuated lattices and subresiduated lattices respectively. In this paper we study the quasivariety of \(\{\wedge,\cdot,\rightarrow,1\}\) -subreducts of integral srl-monoids, which will be denoted by \(\mathsf {SR^s}\). In particular, we show that \(\mathsf {SR^s}\) is a variety. We also characterize simple and subdirectly irreducible algebras of \(\mathsf {SR^s}\) respectively. Finally, through a Hilbert style system, we present a logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety \(\mathsf {SR^s}\) and we apply this result in order to present an expansion of the previous logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety of integral srl-monoids. (shrink)

Extending the relation between semi-Heyting algebras and semi-Nelson algebras to dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce and study the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras and some of its subvarieties. In particular, we prove that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras is equivalent to the category of dually hemimorphic centered semi-Nelson algebras. We also study the lattice of congruences of a dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems.

En el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 el artículo se centra en las personas adultas mayores y pregunta acerca de dos tópicos: por una parte, por la soledad y las relaciones sociales; por otra, por el envejecimiento mismo y por la muerte. Considerando estas dimensiones, el artículo expone, primero, la idea de respectividad, tal como ha sido expuesta por el filósofo español Xavier Zubiri; y segundo, se expone la aproximación al fenómeno del envejecimiento y a la idea de vida (...) como actividad, tal como es expuesta por el pensador alemán Max Scheler. Finalmente, se propone una aplicación de ambos conceptos a los adultos mayores: una vida humana será mejor, si la persona es activa y vive en buenas y profundas relaciones sociales. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss Stanley and Williamson’s take on Ryle’s argument against know-how being know-that. For this, I provide an initial consideration of the possibility of isolating Ryle’s argument from his overall philosophical outlook and Stanley and Williamson’s purpose in their discussion of Ryle. I then examine in detail Stanley and Williamson’s reconstruction of Ryle’s argument with the specific aim of showing where they have introduced extraneous elements: I examine what they take to bes additional assumptions (...) needed for the argument to be valid and how they construct the premises in order to attempt to show that Ryle's argument is not sound. I end the paper showing the limits of Stanley and Williamson’s attack, suggesting how the extraneous elements Stanley and Williamson introduce already bias the discussion against Ryle. The main aim is not to defend a form of Ryle’s regress but rather advocate the need for a deeper discussion of Ryle’s views of mind and action when discussing his views on know-how. (shrink)

Gilbert Ryle claimed that intelligent actions and activities are not merely the external signs of inner mental workings but rather that such actions and activities are the workings of the mind itself. In this thesis I propose an interpretation and defence of sich claim, against a common an, in my view, mistaken way of understanding Ryle's position. In chapter [1]. I introduce the argumentative thread of this thesis and a more detailed overview of the chapters. In chapter [2], I criticise (...) Stanley and Williamson's understanding of Ryle's argument and position. In chapters [3]-[5] I examine Ryle's position and provide a way of understanding his view against what I take his main opponent, INTELLECTUALISM, to be. Chapter [6] offers an argument against INTELLECTUALISM as a way of motivating a Rylean account intelligent actions and activities. I conclude in chapter [7] with a response to purported counter-examples to the view I propose. (shrink)

Radical Enactivism rejects representationalism but nonetheless allows the phenomenal character of perceptual experience as supervening on brain bound elements. In this paper, I argue that Radical Enactivism should reject the possibility of wholly brain-bound phenomenal experience. I propose a way of individuating perceptual experiences that does not depend on representationalism and raises a problem to the view defended by Hutto and Myin according to which, with respect to phenomenality, it is possible to adopt a view that partly construes experience in (...) terms of engagement with the environment. I argue that Radical Enactivism should change: either deny that the environment plays any role in an account of the phenomenal character or embrace the view that the phenomenal properties of experiences are at least partly constituted by the environment itself. (shrink)

Si lo mismo piensa el centro que la periferia, acaso el centro mismo sea mejor conocido desde el arrabal —que va hasta él y vuelve a sí mismo, y los conoce a ambos— que la periferia desde esos grandes centros cada vez más provincianos que de ella —que desde un punto de vista superior también es centro, pues el centro está en ninguna, y en todas partes— no ven ya sino sus propias, y las más de las veces no poco (...) narcisistas construcciones. Y es que el centro no alcanza su más profunda y auténtica centralidad sino cuando cobra consciencia de su condición periférica, lo mismo que la periferia no se alcanza a sí misma sino en la medida en la que se sabe, a pesar de su condición de periferia, un verdadero centro. Unos y otros, aquí y allá, debemos aprender a ver en el otro a nuestro semejante, de verdad, y en éste a un ser cuya mirada es capaz de encontrarse en la nuestra, y no a ese espejo duro e impenetrable que no hace más que devolvernos el complejo —de superioridad o de inferioridad, lo mismo da— que acaso tengamos con respecto a nosotros mismos. (shrink)

Mediante un estudio dialógico de la noción de igualdad definicional de la teoría constructiva de tipos, se mostrará que tal igualdad, que en la TCT provee el criterio de identidad asociado a un tipo, puede comprenderse, desde el punto de vista lúdico, como resultado de una forma específica de interacción dialógica regida por la regla formal, más conocida recientemente como la regla socrática, que prescribe el uso de jugadas de espejo. Esto se ilustrará con el desarrollo dialógico de las (...) partes esenciales de la demostración del axioma de elección de Per Martin-Löf, quien basó su prueba en la igualdad definicional entre la función que prueba el antecedente y la función que ocurre en el consecuente. (shrink)

Resumen: Este texto consiste básicamente en una presentación general de la corriente filosófica del nuevo realismo surgida en 2007 y en la que participan autores europeos y norteamericanos. Un punto en común de las diversas posiciones dentro de esta corriente es el deslinde crítico frente a la filosofía posmoderna y a la filosofía moderna en general. Explico esta crítica y sus implicaciones para la posibilidad de un restablecimiento en la filosofía contemporánea del pensamiento metafísico.: This text is basically an overview (...) of philosophical new realism which emerged in 2007 and involves European and American authors. A common point to the various positions within this current is a critical detachment from postmodern philosophy and modern philosophy in general. i explain this criticism and its implications for the possibility of a restoration in contemporary philosophy of metaphysical thought. (shrink)

Dentro del organigrama de la industria musical, las casas discográficas y emisoras radiales generan su dependiente relación por medio de la música grabada. En nuestro país, entre los años 1964-67, los sellos fonográficos nacionales lograron que muchos de sus artistas fueran invitados a las estaciones radiales por los disc-jockeys más famosos para promocionar sus discos. No obstante, se produjeron constantes discusiones y polémicas cuando las radios no difundieron, o bien, silenciaron muchos registros discográficos de intérpretes criollos, puesto que consideraron que (...) las casas disqueras plasmaron mucha música que no merecía ser editada. Las emisoras radiales se defendieron argumentando que, prácticamente,no valía la pena ser dueño de un pequeño sello discográfico, ni invertir en promoción, ni conseguir discos de éxito cuando sus artistas no podían demostrar su talento en directo. En otras palabras, las radios chilenas exigieron calidad integral al artista nacional: hit radial y presentación en vivo. (shrink)

Background Even though we are now well into the 21st century and notwithstanding all the abuse to individuals involved in clinical studies that has been documented throughout History, fundamental ethical principles continue to be violated in one way or another. Discussion Here are some of the main factors that contribute to the abuse of subjects participating in clinical trials: paternalism, improper use of informed consent, lack of strict ethical supervision, pressure exerted by health institutions to increase the production of scientific (...) material, and the absence of legislation regarding ethics in terms of health care and research. Are researchers ready to respect fundamental ethical principles in light of the ample window of information provided by individual genomes, while defending the rights of the subjects participating in clinical studies as a major priority? Summary As one of the possible solutions to this problem, education regarding fundamental ethical principles is suggested for participants in research studies as an initial method of cognitive training in ethics, together with the promotion of ethical behavior in order to encourage the adoption of reasonable policies in the field of values, attitudes and behavior. (shrink)

The Aymara of the Andes use absolute (cardinal) frames of reference for describing the relative position of ordinary objects. However, rather than encoding them in available absolute lexemes, they do it in lexemes that are intrinsic to the body: nayra (“front”) and qhipa (“back”), denoting east and west, respectively. Why? We use different but complementary ethnographic methods to investigate the nature of this encoding: (a) linguistic expressions and speech–gesture co-production, (b) linguistic patterns in the distinct regional Spanish-based variety Castellano Andino (...) (CA), (c) metaphorical extensions of CA’s spatial patterns to temporal ones, and (d) layouts of traditional houses. Findings indicate that, following fundamental principles of Aymara cosmology, people, objects, and land—as a whole—are conceived as having an implicit canonical orientation facing east, a primary landmark determined by the sunrise. The above bodily based lexicalizations are thus linguistic manifestations of a broader macro-cultural worldview and its psycho-cognitive reality. (shrink)

El objetivo del trabajo es demostrar que el periódico Correo de la Exposición, surgido como suplemento de la Exhibición Internacional de Chile de 1875, fue un “aparato estético”, superando su carácter complementario. La novedad de este trabajo radica en que se descubre el discurso cientificista y artístico que profundiza los avances obtenidos en am-bas materias hacia 1875. Las conclusiones del trabajo señalan que Correo de la Exposición impuso sus propias reglas exhibitivas y mecanismos de aparición especialmente de las Bellas Artes, (...) por lo cual es un periódico relevante para la historia de la crítica artística chilena. (shrink)

On Borders asks when are borders legitimate, and it offers a new theory to answer the question. The book challenges critical and normative theories that criticize or justify borders solely in terms of identity, and instead frames borders and border legitimacy from the perspective of place and presence. Instead of thinking of borders as the exclusionary limit of identity groups, the book develops a theory of territorial jurisdictions grounded on place-specific relations, giving central roles to urban settings and the environment. (...) Paulina Ochoa Espejo calls this the "watershed model" of territorial rights and borders. (shrink)

Democracy is usually conceived as based on self-rule or rule by the people, and it is this which is taken to ground the legitimacy of the democratic form of government. But who constitutes the people? Democratic political theory has a potentially fatal weakness at its core unless it can answer this question satisfactorily. In _The Time of Popular Sovereignty_, Paulina Ochoa Espejo examines the problems the concept of the people raises for liberal democratic theory, constitutional theory, and critical theory. (...) She argues that to solve these problems, the people cannot be conceived as simply a collection of individuals. Rather, the people should be seen as a series of events, an ongoing process unfolding in time. She then offers a new theory of democratic peoplehood, laying the foundations for a new theory of democratic legitimacy. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

The 27th February, 2010 an 8.8 Mw earthquake upset Chile. A year after, the writer Juan Villoro published 8.8: El miedo en el espejo, a story by means of a catharsis telling his own experience throughout the earthquake. Villoro’s aim is to demonstrate that people’s psychological guaranties have fallen down together with the buildings’ walls. The Mexican writer describes his staying at the Hotel San Francisco in Santiago de Chile, which held out against the earthquake shocks but entrapped (...) several Latin-American writers as well as Villoro. All the writers were guests at the Congreso Iberoamericano de Literatura Infantil y Juvenil. Villoro book’s purpose is to reflect upon how fear impacts the human beings. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el concepto de la «muerte» en la filosofía del pensador español Xavier Zubiri, quien rechazó la habitual división del ser humano en cuerpo (mortal) y alma (inmortal), y propuso una concepción del hombre entendido como «totalidad psico-física». Esta concepción implica necesariamente la mortalidad del individuo, pero bajo la influencia del teólogo francés M.-É. Boismard, Zubiri plantea un concepto de «resurrección» del hombre como un todo, considerando un error hablar solo de una resurrección del cuerpo. Zubiri piensa que, (...) gracias a su libertad, el sujeto puede construir una «figura eterna» de su ser, que permanece para siempre, y alcanza la gracia de la vida eterna, dependiendo de que dicha figura la haya construido el sujeto en versión o aversión hacia la realidad suprema: Dios. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, EarlyView.

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, Volume 31, Issue 1, Page 4-16, January 2022.

The thesis of political theology holds that all justificatory theories of the state rely on metaphysical assumptions, rather than just empirical facts and accepted political conventions. For this reason, the thesis challenges liberal theories that justify the state on the basis of individual autonomy and popular will. The thesis is controversial because many theorists believe that metaphysical assumptions introduce decisionism – the view that a state depends on the unrestrained personal decision of a ruler – to the theory of the (...) state. But, does political theology entail decisionism? This article argues that decisionism does not follow necessarily from political theology because an omnipotent deciding sovereign is only one of many possible metaphysical assumptions in theology. It illustrates this claim with examples from the philosophy of Nicholas Cusanus and process philosophy. This conclusion challenges two different entrenched views: first, that the modern state is a continuation of theistic beliefs; and second, that metaphysical discussions have no place in contemporary normative political theory. (shrink)